age-related macular degeneration

age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration is an eye condition that damages the macula, the small central part of the retina that lets you see fine detail and read. It most often happens in older adults and usually affects both eyes over time, though one eye may be worse than the other. There are two main forms: a slower, more common dry form caused by gradual thinning and buildup of debris, and a faster, less common wet form where abnormal blood vessels leak fluid or blood into the retina. Early signs include blurry or dim central vision, straight lines appearing wavy, and difficulty recognizing faces. Eye doctors diagnose it with a dilated exam and imaging tests that show changes in the retina and macula. Treatments differ by type: lifestyle changes and certain vitamin formulas can slow dry disease, while injections that block abnormal blood vessel growth and sometimes laser treatment can control the wet form. Controlling risk factors—especially quitting smoking, managing blood pressure, and eating a healthy diet—can lower the chance of progression. It matters because this condition is a leading cause of central vision loss in older adults, which can affect reading, driving, and independence. Early detection and regular eye exams give the best chance to preserve vision and plan for adaptive tools if needed.