glaucoma

glaucoma

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, which carries visual information from the eye to the brain. The damage is often linked to higher pressure inside the eye, but it can also happen when pressure is normal. At first, vision loss is usually gradual and affects side vision, so many people do not notice it until the condition is advanced. Left untreated, glaucoma can cause permanent blindness because nerve cells in the retina and their connections are lost. Doctors diagnose glaucoma with eye pressure checks, optic nerve exams, and tests that measure peripheral vision. Treatments focus on slowing or stopping nerve damage, most commonly by lowering eye pressure with drops, lasers, or surgery. Because nerve damage is usually irreversible, early detection and regular eye exams are very important. Researchers are also exploring treatments that protect nerve cells directly and improve blood flow to the optic nerve. Lifestyle steps such as controlling blood pressure and avoiding smoking may help lower risk, but medical follow-up is essential. Understanding glaucoma matters because it is a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide and can often be managed when found early.