Retina

The retina is the thin layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye and turns light into the electrical signals your brain uses to form images. It contains millions of light-sensitive cells: rods for low-light and peripheral vision, and cones for color and fine detail, especially in the central area called the macula. When light hits these cells, chemical changes trigger nerve signals that travel along the optic nerve to the brain, where they become the pictures you see. Because the retina is metabolically active and exposed to light, it needs a steady blood supply and protective systems to prevent damage from oxidants and inflammation. Problems in the retina, such as age-related degeneration, diabetic changes, or inherited disorders, can seriously reduce vision or cause blindness. Early signs of trouble can include blurriness, dark spots, or changes in color perception, so regular eye checkups are important for detecting issues early. Maintaining overall health — controlling blood sugar, protecting eyes from excessive sunlight, not smoking, and eating a nutrient-rich diet — can help preserve retinal health. Advances in treatments, including medications, lasers, and nutrition-based approaches, can slow or sometimes reverse damage when detected in time.